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Related Concept Videos

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine01:27

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine

Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
CNS Depressants: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines01:14

CNS Depressants: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines

CNS depressants include drugs from the category of barbiturates and benzodiazepines. They are valuable medications for managing anxiety disorders and insomnia. Barbiturates, once used to induce and maintain sleep, have been replaced mainly by benzodiazepines due to barbiturate's toxicity, tolerance, and overdose risks. They interact with GABAA receptors, leading to sedation at low doses and potentially coma and death at higher doses. Phenobarbital, a long-acting barbiturate, possesses...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A key...
Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems01:19

Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems

Phase I biotransformation reactions are integral to drug metabolism, predominantly involving oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic transformations. Chief among these are oxidative reactions, which enhance the hydrophilicity of xenobiotics and introduce polar functional groups to facilitate their elimination from the body.
Oxidation reactions are fundamental in aromatic carbon-containing systems. An example is the hydroxylation of phenobarbital, a process that transforms it into...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats
13:24

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Published on: September 19, 2014

Schedule-induced ethanol dependence and phenobarbital preference.

M Tang, J Kenny, J L Falk

    Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.)
    |January 1, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary

    Chronic ethanol overindulgence in rats did not alter their preference for phenobarbital. This suggests physical dependence on alcohol is not a primary driver of substance abuse or cross-abuse.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Pharmacology
    • Behavioral Science

    Background:

    • Substance abuse is a complex issue with multiple contributing factors.
    • Understanding the role of physical dependence in maintaining substance use is crucial for developing effective treatments.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of chronic, voluntary ethanol overindulgence on phenobarbital preference in rats.
    • To determine if physical dependence on ethanol influences the cross-abuse of barbiturates.

    Main Methods:

    • Rats were exposed to a daily 3-hour session of intermittent food delivery, leading to the ingestion of 5% ethanol solution.
    • Phenobarbital preference was assessed in home-cage tests.
    • Water was substituted for ethanol during the binge session in some animals to control for the effects of the binge session itself.

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    Published on: January 29, 2017

    Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder
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    Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder

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    A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats
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    Published on: September 19, 2014

    A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training
    07:50

    A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

    Published on: January 29, 2017

    Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder
    05:12

    Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder

    Published on: June 23, 2023

    Main Results:

    • Daily ethanol overindulgence did not affect home-cage phenobarbital preference.
    • Substituting water for ethanol during the binge session also did not alter phenobarbital preference.
    • Phenobarbital preference remained stable and comparable to control groups.

    Conclusions:

    • Physical dependence on ethanol does not appear to play a significant role in maintaining ethanol abuse.
    • Ethanol dependence is unlikely to be a major factor in the cross-abuse of barbiturates.