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Sodium chloride poisoning in cattle.

K F Trueman, D C Clague

    Australian Veterinary Journal
    |February 1, 1978
    PubMed
    Summary

    Indirect salt poisoning caused nervous disorders in steers after water restriction. Polioencephalomalacia was diagnosed, with affected animals being lighter in weight.

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    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Medicine
    • Animal Neurology
    • Toxicology

    Background:

    • Sodium chloride (salt) overconsumption can lead to toxicity in livestock.
    • Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) is a neurological disorder affecting ruminants, often linked to dietary imbalances.
    • Sudden dietary changes and water deprivation are risk factors for metabolic and neurological issues in cattle.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the cause of nervous disorders in steers following a specific feeding regimen.
    • To determine the association between salt supplementation, water restriction, and the development of polioencephalomalacia.
    • To identify risk factors contributing to salt poisoning in cattle.

    Main Methods:

    • Observation of clinical signs in 60 three-year-old steers after a period of salt supplementation and food/water restriction.
    • Neurological examination and post-mortem evaluation, including microscopic brain examination, of affected animals.
    • Analysis of case history, clinical presentation, and necropsy findings to establish a diagnosis.

    Main Results:

    • Five out of 60 steers developed nervous disorders within hours of release.
    • Clinical signs were consistent with polioencephalomalacia, confirmed histopathologically in 2 steers.
    • Brain lesions included oedema of the corpus striatum, thalamus, and midbrain, and cerebral vascular necrosis with neutrophil infiltration.
    • Affected steers were noted to have lower body weights compared to the rest of the group.

    Conclusions:

    • The condition was diagnosed as indirect salt poisoning, likely precipitated by the combination of salt intake and subsequent water deprivation.
    • Lower body weight may be a predisposing factor for developing salt toxicity in steers.
    • This case highlights the importance of careful management of salt supplementation and water availability in cattle to prevent poisoning and neurological disease.

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