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Related Concept Videos

Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...
X and Y Chromosomes02:32

X and Y Chromosomes

Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size. Today,...
Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral chromosome underwent...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells
14:26

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

Published on: April 4, 2016

Evolution of a human Y chromosome-specific repeated sequence.

H J Cooke, R D McKay

    Cell
    |March 1, 1978
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers studied a repetitive DNA sequence on the human Y chromosome. This sequence is related to satellite III DNA but has distinct structural differences.

    Area of Science:

    • Genetics
    • Molecular Biology
    • Human Chromosome Research

    Background:

    • Repetitive DNA sequences play crucial roles in genome structure and evolution.
    • The human Y chromosome contains unique repetitive elements whose evolutionary history is not fully understood.
    • Satellite DNA sequences are known for their structural diversity and potential functional significance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the structure and evolutionary relationships of a specific repetitive sequence on the human Y chromosome.
    • To investigate the homology of this sequence with other genomic regions, including those in females.
    • To compare the characterized sequence with known human satellite DNA families.

    Main Methods:

    • Restriction enzyme analysis of total human DNA and the isolated repetitive sequence.

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    Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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    Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

    Published on: December 29, 2017

    Electrophoretic Analysis of Replication Through Structure-Prone DNA Repeats Within the SV40-Based Human Episome
    05:22

    Electrophoretic Analysis of Replication Through Structure-Prone DNA Repeats Within the SV40-Based Human Episome

    Published on: September 13, 2024

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

    Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells
    14:26

    Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

    Published on: April 4, 2016

    Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    11:06

    Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

    Published on: December 29, 2017

    Electrophoretic Analysis of Replication Through Structure-Prone DNA Repeats Within the SV40-Based Human Episome
    05:22

    Electrophoretic Analysis of Replication Through Structure-Prone DNA Repeats Within the SV40-Based Human Episome

    Published on: September 13, 2024

  • Cross-hybridization experiments to detect sequence homology in female DNA.
  • Analysis using mouse/human cell hybrids to map sequence distribution on the X chromosome and autosomes.

    • Main Results:

    • The repetitive sequence from the Y chromosome was analyzed for its structural characteristics.
    • The sequence exhibited cross-hybridization with sequences in female DNA, forming unstable DNA duplexes.
    • Comparative analysis revealed significant structural differences between this sequence and human satellite III DNA.

    Conclusions:

    • The studied Y chromosome repetitive sequence is evolutionarily related to human satellite III.
    • Despite the relationship, substantial structural divergence exists, suggesting independent evolution or modification.
    • The sequence's presence and behavior in female DNA indicate complex evolutionary dynamics and potential functional implications.