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On the optimal sex ratio.

S Karlin, S Lessard

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    |October 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary

    Genetic models reveal that populations evolve towards an even sex ratio, as biased ratios prevent new sex-determining alleles from establishing. This ensures a stable one-to-one sex ratio in evolving populations.

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    Area of Science:

    • Population genetics
    • Evolutionary biology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Sex determination is a critical factor in population dynamics.
    • Understanding the genetic basis of sex determination is key to evolutionary studies.
    • Panmictic populations with multiallelic sex determination present complex genetic models.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe equilibrium structures in multiallele sex-determination models.
    • To analyze sex ratios resulting from zygotic or parent-offspring sex determination.
    • To investigate the conditions for stable even sex ratios versus biased sex ratios.

    Main Methods:

    • Mathematical modeling of genetic systems.
    • Analysis of equilibrium surfaces and points in population genetics.
    • Investigation of allelic frequency sets and their relation to sex ratios.

    Main Results:

    • Even-sex-ratio equilibrium surfaces can exist independently of coincident male and female allelic frequencies.
    • Symmetric equilibrium states are associated with biased sex ratios.
    • A stable symmetric equilibrium and an even-sex-ratio equilibrium cannot coexist when segregating the same alleles.
    • Mutant alleles promoting an even sex ratio can only establish if all new equilibria are closer to a 1:1 ratio.

    Conclusions:

    • The evolution towards an even sex ratio is an emergent property of these genetic systems.
    • Biased sex ratios can arise from specific genetic equilibria.
    • The coexistence of different types of equilibria (symmetric vs. even sex ratio) is constrained by allele segregation.

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