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Microprobe analysis of three high-copper amalgams.

D B Mahler, J D Adey

    Journal of Dental Research
    |June 1, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary
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    High-copper dental amalgams were analyzed for phase composition. Electron probe microanalysis revealed specific copper, indium, and palladium distributions in reaction phases, impacting amalgam properties.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Metallurgy
    • Dental Materials Science

    Background:

    • Dental amalgams are widely used restorative materials.
    • Understanding the phase composition of high-copper amalgams is crucial for predicting their performance and longevity.
    • Previous studies have focused on low-copper amalgams, leaving a gap in knowledge for high-copper formulations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the phase composition of single-composition, high-copper amalgams before and after reaction.
    • To determine the distribution of copper, indium, and palladium within the different phases of these amalgams.
    • To investigate how variations in alloy composition affect the resulting amalgam phases.

    Main Methods:

    • Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) was employed to determine the elemental composition of the phases.

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  • Three distinct single-composition, high-copper amalgam alloys were prepared and analyzed.
  • Amalgams were formed, and their reaction products were subsequently analyzed using EPMA.

    • Main Results:

    • All alloys primarily consisted of Ag3Sn (gamma), Cu3Sn (epsilon), and sometimes Ag4Sn (beta) phases.
    • Increased copper content in the original alloy led to higher copper solubility in the Ag3Sn (gamma) and Ag4Sn (beta) phases.
    • Reaction phases were identified as Ag22Sn Hg27(gamma 1) and Cu6Sn5 (eta'), with no detectable Sn8Hg (gamma 2).
    • Indium primarily partitioned into the Ag3Sn (gamma) and Ag22Sn Hg27(gamma 1) phases, altering their composition.
    • Palladium was mainly found in the Cu3Sn (epsilon), Cu6Sn5 (eta'), and Ag22Sn Hg27(gamma 1) phases.

    Conclusions:

    • The phase composition of high-copper amalgams is significantly influenced by the initial alloy composition.
    • The distribution of copper, indium, and palladium within the amalgam phases affects the material's properties.
    • The absence of the gamma 2 phase in these high-copper amalgams aligns with established knowledge regarding improved corrosion resistance.