The measurement of assertiveness and aggressiveness

The Bakker Assertiveness-Aggressiveness Inventory is a 36-item self-report inventory designed to measure two separate aspects of what has previously been subsumed under the rubric "assertiveness", namely, (a) defensive, responsive behaviors which protect territory and privileges, and (b) initiating behaviors which augment the person's territory or status. Assertiveness scores increases significantly above aggressiveness scores in a class which focused on the defensive, responsive aspects of behavior. Aggressiveness was found to correlate with occupation level and amount of schooling sought, while assertiveness did not correlate with either of these. Normative, reliability and validity data are presented.