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Related Concept Videos

Cross-bridge Cycle01:26

Cross-bridge Cycle

As muscle contracts, the overlap between the thin and thick filaments increases, decreasing the length of the sarcomere—the contractile unit of the muscle—using energy in the form of ATP. At the molecular level, this is a cyclic, multistep process that involves binding and hydrolysis of ATP, and movement of actin by myosin.
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Actin and Myosin in Muscle Contraction01:16

Actin and Myosin in Muscle Contraction

Actin and myosin are contractile proteins that form the sarcomere found in skeletal muscle tissues for regulating muscle contraction. Actin, a globular contractile protein, interacts with myosin for muscle contraction. The skeletal tissue appears striped or striated under a microscope due to the repeated arrangement of contractile proteins actin and myosin along the length of myofibrils. Dark A bands and light I bands repeat along myofibrils, and the alignment of myofibrils in the cell causes...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscles01:20

Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscles

Excitation-contraction coupling is a series of events that occur between generating an action potential and initiating a muscle contraction. It occurs at the triad, a structure found in skeletal muscle fibers that comprise a T-tubule and terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum on each side. These triads are visible in longitudinally sectioned muscle fibers. They are typically located at the A-I junction — the junction between the A and I bands of the sarcomere.
When an action potential...
Smooth Muscle Contraction01:25

Smooth Muscle Contraction

Smooth muscle contraction is a complex process vital for various bodily functions, from maintaining blood vessel tension to facilitating the movement of food through the digestive tract. Unlike striated muscles, smooth muscle contraction begins more slowly and lasts longer.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Ex Vivo Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles
14:02

Ex Vivo Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles

Published on: November 1, 2012

Factors affecting the equatorial X-ray diffraction pattern from contracting frog skeletal muscle.

H Tanaka, H Hashizume, H Sugi

    Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
    |January 1, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary

    Tetanized frog muscles showed no significant changes in cross-bridge orientation during stretching. Minor decreases in X-ray diffraction intensity suggest altered filament lattice regularity, not myosin head movement.

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    Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

    Ex Vivo Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles
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    Published on: November 1, 2012

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    X-ray Diffraction of Intact Murine Skeletal Muscle as a Tool for Studying the Structural Basis of Muscle Disease

    Published on: July 18, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Muscle physiology
    • Biophysics
    • X-ray diffraction

    Background:

    • Understanding cross-bridge dynamics is crucial for muscle contraction.
    • Previous studies lacked time-resolved data for dynamic analysis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • Investigate dynamic cross-bridge properties in frog sartorius muscles.
    • Analyze changes in equatorial X-ray diffraction patterns during mechanical stress.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized time-resolved X-ray diffraction with 0.5-second resolution.
    • Applied controlled slow stretches (5-6%) and isotonic lengthening to tetanized muscles.
    • Measured equatorial reflections (I1,0 and I1,1) intensity ratios.

    Main Results:

    • No significant changes in the I1,0/I1,1 intensity ratio observed during slow stretch or isotonic lengthening.
    • A small decrease in I1,1 intensity was noted under both conditions.
    • Observed changes in I1,1 were within the measurement accuracy range for I1,0.

    Conclusions:

    • Suggests no major shifts in myosin head orientation or cross-bridge numbers during muscle lengthening.
    • Proposes that decreased filament lattice regularity may cause observed changes in I1,1.
    • Highlights the dynamic nature of cross-bridge interactions under mechanical load.