Human serum acid-labile factor is an acylhydrolase that inactivates platelet-activating factor

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a phospholipid that activates platelets, induces inflammation, and causes profound alteration in the cardiopulmonary system. PAF from rabbit basophils and hog leukocytes is 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (AGEPC). Human and other mammalian serums contain an acid-labile factor (ALF) that rapidly inactivates AGEPC. ALF is associated with low-density lipoproteins but can be dissociated from the lipoproteins with detergent followed by ultracentrifugation. Delipidated ALF has an isoelectric point of approximately 7.1, its molecular weight is unknown, and it will not react with goat anti-whole human serum, antialbumin, anti-alpha- or anti-beta-lipoproteins, or antiapolipoproteins A or B. ALF has the following characteristics: 1) is acid labile; 2) is Ca2+ independent; 3) has a pH optimum of 6.2; 4) can hydrolyze a four-carbon but not a six-carbon or longer chain fatty acid at the sn-2 position; 5) is independent of an ester or ether linkage at the sn-1 position; 6) is incapable of hydrolyzing sn-2-acetylphosphatidylethanolamine, which indicates the need for at least one methyl group on the choline moiety of AGEPC; 7) requires between 5 and 16 carbons at the sn-1 position to remove a three- or four-carbon fatty acid on the sn-2 position; 8) is inactivated by heating to 65 C for 30 min; 9) is pronase and trypsin sensitive but papain resistant; and 10) is a hydrophobic molecule and thus behaves like a membrane-associated enzyme. Thus, ALF is a specific phosphatide 2-acylhydrolase.