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Sex differences in mathematical reasoning ability: more facts.

C P Benbow, J C Stanley

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |December 2, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary

    A 1980s study found significant sex differences in mathematical reasoning by age 13, with boys outnumbering girls 13 to 1 at the highest score levels. Some proposed explanations for this math ability gap were not supported by the findings.

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    Area of Science:

    • Educational Psychology
    • Cognitive Science
    • Developmental Psychology

    Background:

    • The Johns Hopkins regional talent search identified academically gifted students.
    • Previous research indicated potential sex differences in cognitive abilities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate sex differences in mathematical reasoning ability among young students.
    • To examine the prevalence of these differences at high achievement levels.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores from nearly 40,000 seventh-grade students (1980-1982).
    • Inclusion of data from a nationwide talent search for students under 13.
    • Statistical examination of score distributions across sexes.

    Main Results:

    • A substantial sex difference in mathematical reasoning was evident by age 13.
    • Among students scoring 700 or higher on the SAT, boys outnumbered girls 13 to 1.
    • The data did not support several hypothesized explanations for the observed sex disparity.

    Conclusions:

    • Significant sex-based disparities in high-level mathematical reasoning skills emerge by early adolescence.
    • The findings highlight the need for further research into the origins of these differences.
    • Existing hypotheses regarding the causes of these sex differences require re-evaluation.

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