2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (neocuproine): a potent, copper-dependent cytotoxin with anti-tumor activity

2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (2,9-DMP), a copper-specific chelator, was a potent cytotoxin against L1210 cells in vitro; its activity was dependent upon available Cu2+ in the medium. Other divalent ions, Fe2+ and Zn2+, were ineffective as promoters of growth inhibition. As the copper chelate, a 4 microM solution produced a 4 log kill after a 1-hr incubation. This was in marked contrast to 1,10-phenanthroline, whose inhibition of cell growth was overcome by added Cu2+, Fe2+ and Zn2+. Cellular uptake of labeled 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline also required added Cu2+ in the medium. This transport was energy dependent, and the drug was concentrated over 200-fold by the cells. In preliminary evaluations, copper-2,9-DMP showed significant chemotherapeutic activity against the P388 murine lymphoma in vivo.