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Transcription01:10

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
Transcription01:17

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

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Transcripts regulated during normal embryonic development and oncogenic transformation share a repetitive element.

D Murphy, P M Brickell, D S Latchman

    Cell
    |December 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary

    Set 1 repetitive elements identify developmentally regulated transcripts in mouse embryos. Their abundance decreases upon differentiation in pluripotent cell lines, except in F9 cells.

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    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Developmental Biology
    • Genomics

    Background:

    • Previously isolated cDNA clones homologous to elevated mRNAs in transformed mouse fibroblasts.
    • Set 1 clones contain a dispersed repetitive element found thousands of times in the mouse genome.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the role of Set 1 repetitive elements in gene regulation during mouse development.
    • To analyze the expression patterns of Set 1-related transcripts in embryonic and cell line models.

    Main Methods:

    • Isolation of cDNA clones homologous to specific mRNAs.
    • Analysis of repetitive element distribution in the mouse genome.
    • Quantification of RNA transcripts using hybridization techniques.
    • Comparison of transcript patterns in embryonic tissues and cell lines (EC, EK, F9).

    Main Results:

    • Set 1 repeat identifies numerous quantitatively regulated transcripts in mouse embryos, constituting 1-3% of polyadenylated RNA at peak expression.
    • A similar transcript pattern to midgestation embryos is observed in pluripotential EC and EK cell lines.
    • RNA abundance decreases upon in vitro differentiation of EC and EK cells.
    • The F9 EC cell line, with restricted developmental capacity, shows a simpler Set 1 transcript pattern.

    Conclusions:

    • Set 1 repetitive elements are associated with developmentally regulated transcripts in mice.
    • The expression of these transcripts is linked to pluripotency and differentiation processes.
    • Variations in Set 1 transcript patterns may reflect differences in developmental potential of cell lines.