The histopathology of reflux esophagitis

The histological features of the esophageal mucosa in patients with gastroesophageal reflux are basal zone hyperplasia of the squamous epithelium, elongation of the papillae towards the epithelial surface, an increase in the transverse diameter of the papillae and the blood vessels, and an ingrowth of capillaries into the epithelial layers. The presence of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the epithelium and the lamina propria clearly represents esophagitis. In the advanced stages, erosions and ulcerations can be seen. Intra-epithelial lymphocytes are present in the normal esophageal mucosa. They are mainly T-cytotoxic lymphocytes.