Small groups in programmed environments. Behavioral and biological interactions

This paper reviews a research program undertaken within a laboratory environment that was designed and constructed to support behavior analyses of individual and group performance effectiveness viewed conceptually within the context of a small-scale human microsociety. Summarized are previous research emphases and findings in relationship to (1) conditions that sustain group cohesion and productivity and that prevent social fragmentation and performance deterioration, (2) motivational effects resulting from the programmed consequences of individual and group performance requirements, and (3) behavioral and biological effects resulting from a change in group size. A more detailed description is presented of the results of a recent series of experiments that were conducted to assess performance and hormonal effects of replacing an established group participant with a novitiate member. The significance of these investigative undertakings is to be understood in terms of emergent environmental, motivational, and behavioral-biological principles having practical relevance for the establishment and maintenance of small-scale human social systems.