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Infection of the congenitally athymic rat with Mycobacterium leprae
Abstract:
The susceptibility of congenitally athymic rats to Mycobacterium leprae infection has been investigated. Following inoculation of small numbers of M. leprae (5 X 10(3] into the foot pad, the organisms replicated and attained a maximum of 2.6 X 10(8) per foot pad at 294 days; there was limited dissemination to the tail. In similarly inoculated neonatally thymectomized Lewis rats (NTLRs) a ceiling of 2 X 10(7) organisms was reached. When a larger inoculum (10(7] was given, the number of bacilli in athymic rat foot pads peaked at 6.7 X 10(8) and after approximately 240 days a plateau of between 2 X 10(8) and 6 X 10(8) per foot pad was reached. Dissemination to superficial tissues occurred approximately nine months after inoculation, when significant numbers of bacilli were recovered from the foot pads, ears, snout, and tail. Following intravenous inoculation of 10(7) M. leprae into athymic rats, significant numbers of bacilli were recovered from the superficial tissues by 300 days post inoculation. The numbers of organisms reached a plateau of about 10(8) by one year. Autopsy of infected animals from 1-2 years after inoculation revealed no gross abnormalities except for a purulent bronchitis and bronchopneumonia. Although normal grossly, the ears, tail, snout and foot pads showed a varying degree of infiltration by histiocytes. In some this was almost imperceptible, in others there were large accumulations of foamy macrophages reminiscent of lepromatous leprosy. The numbers of mycobacteria present in Fite stains ranged from 2+ (several organisms or clusters of organisms) to 5+ (very numerous). The lymph nodes contained numerous non-caseating granulomata composed of activated macrophages which contained large (4+) or very large (5+) numbers of bacilli. Mycobacteria were present in the cells of the mononuclear-phagocyte series in the liver and spleen of animals killed 12-15 months post inoculation, but were absent from these cells in animals killed later. M. leprae were also numerous in the smooth muscle of the scrotum. It is concluded that congenitally athymic rats are highly susceptible to M. leprae infection. Despite their lack of thymic-dependent T cell function, it appears that they possess the defense mechanism(s) capable of limiting the infection.
Insights
Congenitally athymic rats show high susceptibility to Mycobacterium leprae infection, with bacilli replicating extensively in foot pads. Despite lacking T cell function, these rats exhibit defense mechanisms that limit M. leprae infection.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Microbiology
- Infectious Diseases
Background:
- Congenitally athymic rats lack thymic-dependent T cell function.
- Mycobacterium leprae is the causative agent of leprosy.
- Understanding host-pathogen interactions is crucial for developing treatments.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the susceptibility of congenitally athymic rats to Mycobacterium leprae infection.
- To characterize the course and dissemination of M. leprae infection in these rats.
- To explore the host defense mechanisms in athymic rats against M. leprae.
Main Methods:
- Inoculation of athymic rats and neonatally thymectomized Lewis rats with varying doses of M. leprae.
- Monitoring bacterial replication and dissemination in foot pads and superficial tissues.
- Histopathological examination of infected tissues and lymph nodes.
- Assessment of mycobacterial load using Fite stains.
Main Results:
- M. leprae replicated extensively in athymic rat foot pads, reaching high bacterial loads.
- Dissemination to superficial tissues (ears, snout, tail) occurred approximately nine months post-inoculation.
- Histopathology revealed histiocyte infiltration and foamy macrophages, resembling lepromatous leprosy in some cases.
- Lymph nodes showed non-caseating granulomata with numerous bacilli.
- Defense mechanisms appeared to limit infection despite the absence of T cell function.
Conclusions:
- Congenitally athymic rats are highly susceptible to M. leprae infection.
- These rats possess defense mechanisms capable of limiting M. leprae infection, even without T cell function.
- The study provides insights into host-pathogen interactions in leprosy models.