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Related Concept Videos

Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis01:20

Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis

Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
Several...
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Class I antiarrhythmic drugs are used to treat various types of arrhythmias or irregular heart rhythms. These drugs block the sodium (Na+) channels in the cardiac cells, thereby affecting the movement of electrical impulses across the heart. Class I antiarrhythmic drugs are divided into three subgroups: Class IA, Class IB, and Class IC, each with distinct mechanisms of action and effects on the heart.
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates these...
Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Intermittent IV Infusions01:24

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Intermittent intravenous (IV) infusion is a method of drug administration where medications are delivered over short infusion periods followed by intervals of no drug delivery. This approach helps to prevent sustained high drug concentrations in the bloodstream, reducing the risk of adverse effects associated with prolonged exposure. Unlike continuous infusion, steady-state concentrations may not be achieved during a single dosing cycle but can be reached through repeated...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
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Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Induction of Nephrotic Syndrome in Mice by Retrobulbar Injection of Doxorubicin and Prevention of Volume Retention by Sustained Release Aprotinin
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Severe neutropenia associated with sustained-release procainamide.

A G Ellrodt, G H Murata, M S Riedinger

    Annals of Internal Medicine
    |February 1, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary

    Severe neutropenia, a dangerous drop in white blood cells, is a potential risk of sustained-release procainamide. This study found a significant association, highlighting the need for careful monitoring in patients taking this medication.

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    Area of Science:

    • Pharmacology
    • Hematology
    • Internal Medicine

    Background:

    • Neutropenia is an infrequent adverse effect of procainamide.
    • Severe neutropenia can lead to serious infections and complications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the incidence and characteristics of severe neutropenia associated with sustained-release procainamide.
    • To determine the association between sustained-release procainamide and severe neutropenia in post-cardiac surgery patients.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective case review of 8 patients who developed severe neutropenia during procainamide therapy.
    • Case-control study comparing patients on sustained-release procainamide with a control group post-open-heart surgery.

    Main Results:

    • Eight patients developed severe neutropenia, with 7 experiencing fever and constitutional symptoms.
    • Bone marrow examination revealed myeloid aplasia or maturation arrest in 5 patients.
    • A case-control study found a significant association (p < 0.001) between sustained-release procainamide and severe neutropenia (4.4% incidence).

    Conclusions:

    • Sustained-release procainamide is associated with a significant risk of potentially life-threatening neutropenia.
    • Neutropenia resolved upon drug discontinuation, with all patients surviving.
    • Close monitoring for neutropenia is crucial in patients receiving sustained-release procainamide.