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Do maladaptive attitudes cause depression?

J S Silverman, J A Silverman, D A Eardley

    Archives of General Psychiatry
    |January 1, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Dysfunctional thinking, measured by the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS), is more prominent during depression, suggesting it is a symptom, not a trait. Bipolar patients showed less maladaptive thinking than other groups.

    Area of Science:

    • Cognitive Psychology
    • Psychiatry
    • Clinical Psychology

    Background:

    • Cognitive theories suggest dysfunctional beliefs predispose individuals to depression.
    • The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) measures beliefs attributing happiness to external events and absolute expectations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the relationship between dysfunctional thinking and depression.
    • To determine if dysfunctional thinking is a symptom or a trait in depressed individuals.
    • To compare dysfunctional thinking across different psychiatric groups and healthy controls.

    Main Methods:

    • Administered the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) to 35 private psychiatric outpatients.
    • Tested patients during depressive episodes and when asymptomatic.

    Related Experiment Videos

  • Compared DAS scores of recovered depressives, other stabilized psychiatric patients, and normal individuals.

    • Main Results:

    • Dysfunctional thinking was significantly more prominent in patients when they were depressed compared to when they were asymptomatic.
    • Bipolar patients exhibited significantly less maladaptive thinking than major depressives and other stabilized psychiatric patients.
    • Recovered depressives and other stabilized psychiatric patients did not significantly differ in their levels of maladaptive thinking.

    Conclusions:

    • Dysfunctional thinking appears to be a symptom of depression rather than a stable character trait.
    • Bipolar disorder may be associated with less maladaptive cognitive patterns compared to major depressive disorder.
    • Further research is warranted to explore the cognitive profiles of different mood disorders.