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Red cell function at extreme altitude on Mount Everest.

R M Winslow, M Samaja, J B West

    Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology
    |January 1, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary
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    High altitude exposure causes respiratory alkalosis, shifting the blood oxygen equilibrium curve leftward. This adaptation protects arterial oxygen saturation at extreme altitudes like Mount Everest.

    Area of Science:

    • Physiology
    • Altitude Medicine
    • Respiratory Physiology

    Background:

    • High altitude environments present physiological challenges due to reduced oxygen availability.
    • Understanding blood oxygen transport adaptations is crucial for mountaineering and high-altitude research.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate changes in hemoglobin concentration, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), P50, and acid-base status at varying altitudes.
    • To determine the in vivo oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts during ascent to extreme altitudes.

    Main Methods:

    • Measurements of hemoglobin, 2,3-DPG, P50, and acid-base status were conducted on expedition members.
    • In vivo conditions were estimated using arterial blood gases and pH, or inferred from base excess and alveolar PCO2.
    • Blood samples were analyzed within 2 hours of collection at expedition laboratories.

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    Main Results:

    • Increased 2,3-DPG levels correlated with a slight increase in P50 at pH 7.4.
    • Respiratory alkalosis at 6,300 m resulted in a lower in vivo P50 (27.6 Torr) compared to sea level (28.1 Torr).
    • In vivo P50 progressively decreased at higher altitudes, reaching 19.4 Torr on the summit (8,848 m).

    Conclusions:

    • Respiratory alkalosis at extreme altitudes causes a leftward shift in the blood oxygen equilibrium curve.
    • This leftward shift is a protective mechanism that maintains arterial oxygen saturation during high-altitude exposure.
    • The findings highlight the complex interplay between altitude, respiration, and oxygen transport in the human body.