Future directions of cardiac pacemaker research--a survey

Computer technology; improved hemodynamics, making rate-responsive pacing possible; and extension of pacing into the control of tachyarrhythmia and fibrillation are some new aspects of pacemaker research that were discussed at the World Pacemaker Symposium. Low-threshold leads will help save energy in the future, and new power source technologies are being considered. Better diagnostic tools and better sensing technology will be needed. Pacing's future must be planned with the effects of government controls in mind. Delay and higher cost will emerge, but government involvement may also highlight pacing's cost-effectiveness.