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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) involves the recurrent backflow of the stomach or duodenal contents into the esophagus, leading to troublesome symptoms and potential esophageal mucosal damage. Although GERD is often referred to as a disease, it is more accurately described as a syndrome, as it encompasses a range of symptoms and complications rather than a singular pathological entity, impacting a large number of individuals as the most prevalent upper gastrointestinal problem. Roughly...

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a persistent medical condition that affects many individuals worldwide. Its clinical manifestations can vary greatly, making diagnosis and management challenging for healthcare professionals. The following is a comprehensive overview of the clinical manifestations, assessment, and management strategies for GERD.
Clinical Manifestations
GERD presents itself in a multitude of ways, with symptoms varying from person to person. The hallmark symptoms are...

Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Individuals with Barrett's esophagus are often asymptomatic, but they may experience symptoms commonly associated with GERD, such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Additional symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, blood in the stool (which may appear black, tarry, or bloody), and episodes of vomiting.
To diagnose Barrett's esophagus, healthcare providers often recommend an endoscopy for those showing symptoms of acid reflux. The procedure...

Esophageal Achalasia

Esophageal Achalasia

Esophageal achalasia is a chronic neurogenic disorder characterized by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and absent or ineffective peristalsis in the distal esophagus. This leads to a functional obstruction without a physical blockage, despite significant disruption of esophageal motility.EtiologyAchalasia is caused by degeneration of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, specifically the loss of inhibitory ganglion cells that produce vasoactive intestinal peptide...

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the backward flow of stomach contents (acid, pepsin, or bile) into the esophagus, causing mucosal inflammation known as esophagitis. It results from failure of antireflux mechanisms, mainly the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), influenced by mechanical and physiological factors.Etiology and Risk FactorsGERD develops when LES function is weakened or when intra-abdominal pressure increases. Risk factors include aging, obesity, and sliding hiatal hernia,...

Hiatal Hernia

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A hiatal hernia is the abnormal protrusion of the stomach or other abdominal organs through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity.Normally, the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) lies below the diaphragm and is supported by the phrenoesophageal membrane, the diaphragmatic crura, and connective tissues. Weakening of these structures—due to aging, congenital defects like a short esophagus, or increased intra-abdominal pressure from coughing, obesity, pregnancy, or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Surgical Models of Gastroesophageal Reflux with Mice

Surgical Models of Gastroesophageal Reflux with Mice

Published on: August 25, 2015

Hiccups associated with reflux esophagitis.

S S Shay, R L Myers, L F Johnson

Gastroenterology

|July 1, 1984

Summary

Prolonged hiccups can worsen or cause acid reflux, esophagitis, and strictures. Surgical intervention for reflux improved symptoms, though hiccups continued.

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Esophageal Disorders
Surgical Gastroenterology

Background:

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and its complications like esophagitis and strictures are common.
Protracted hiccups can significantly impact quality of life and may be associated with upper gastrointestinal issues.

Observation:

A patient with pre-existing reflux esophagitis and stricture experienced heartburn and water brash exclusively during hiccup episodes.
Intraesophageal pH monitoring confirmed increased acid gastroesophageal reflux during hiccups, which subsided upon hiccup cessation.

Findings:

Nissen fundoplication, a surgical procedure for GERD, effectively resolved heartburn, healed esophagitis, and reduced acid reflux.
Hiccups persisted post-surgery, indicating they were not solely caused by the reflux.

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Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring

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Implications:

This case suggests a potential link between prolonged hiccups and the exacerbation or causation of GERD complications.
The findings highlight the importance of considering hiccup-induced reflux in patients with refractory esophageal issues.
Surgical management of reflux can be beneficial even if the primary symptom (hiccups) remains unresolved.