Absent right superior vena cava and persistent left superior vena cava. Clinical and surgical considerations

From 4,100 patients who had cardiac catheterization for congenital heart disease and " normocardia ", 6 were found to have a persistent left superior vena cava ( PLSVC ) and an absence of right superior vena cava ( RSVC ). Because of the rarity of this finding (1.46%) the clinical and surgical implications are considered. Four of them were successfully operated upon.