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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

16.0K
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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No description available
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
9.4K
Behavior Modification01:21

Behavior Modification

594
Behavioral approaches have often been criticized for ignoring mental processes and focusing solely on observable behavior. However, these approaches provide an optimistic perspective for individuals seeking to change their behaviors. Rather than concentrating on intrinsic personality traits, behavioral approaches suggest that even longstanding habits can be modified by changing the reward contingencies that maintain them.
A real-world application of operant conditioning principles is applied...
594
Protein Modifications in the RER01:26

Protein Modifications in the RER

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Modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins entering the rough ER begins in the ER lumen. These modifications aid in protein folding and stabilize the acquired tertiary structure. Protein modifications in the rough ER co-occur at different stages of protein folding.
Broadly, these modifications can be categorized into four main categories — glycosylation, formation of disulfide bonds, assembly of protein subunits, and specific proteolytic cleavages like removal of signal...
7.0K
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

2.1K
Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy SEEG With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
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Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy SEEG With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note

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Modification of Cloward cervical retractor. Technical note.

L G Leibrock, B M Berman

    Journal of Neurosurgery
    |July 1, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A modified Cloward retractor with sharp blades can prevent soft tissue neck injuries. This adaptation also aids placement during anterior cervical discectomy and fusion procedures.

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    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy SEEG With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
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    Area of Science:

    • Neurosurgery
    • Orthopedic Surgery
    • Surgical Instrumentation

    Background:

    • Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is a common spinal procedure.
    • Cervical retractors are essential for surgical exposure during ACDF.
    • Current retractors may pose risks of soft tissue injury.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe a modified Cloward lateral cervical retractor.
    • To enhance safety by preventing soft tissue neck injuries.
    • To improve ease of placement during ACDF.

    Main Methods:

    • Modification of a standard Cloward lateral cervical retractor.
    • Incorporation of sharp blades into the retractor design.
    • Evaluation of the modified retractor's performance in preventing soft tissue injury and facilitating placement.

    Main Results:

    • The modified retractor effectively minimizes trauma to surrounding soft tissues.
    • Placement of the modified retractor during ACDF procedures is facilitated.
    • The sharp blade design contributes to improved surgical outcomes.

    Conclusions:

    • The modified Cloward retractor offers a safer and more efficient option for ACDF.
    • This surgical instrument modification holds potential for reducing complications.
    • Further studies are warranted to assess long-term clinical benefits.