Cuba: mass polio vaccination program, 1962-1982.

Area of Science:

• Public Health
• Epidemiology
• Vaccinology

Background:

• Poliomyelitis presented an endemo-epidemic pattern in Cuba with peaks every 5-7 years.
• Isolated cases of poliomyelitis have been reported since the first vaccination campaign in 1962.

Purpose of the Study:

• To analyze the impact of mass vaccination campaigns on poliomyelitis control in Cuba.
• To evaluate the strategies and coverage of polio vaccination programs.

Main Methods:

• Conducted 21 mass vaccination campaigns since 1962.
• Utilized serologic studies on national samples of children under 14.
• Administered a trivalent vaccine in two doses to children aged 1 month to 3 years, with a booster at age 9.
• Employed Committees for the Defense of the Revolution to ensure high vaccination coverage.

Main Results:

• The 1962 vaccination campaign effectively eliminated poliomyelitis morbidity and mortality peaks.
• High vaccination coverage (over 80%) has prevented epidemic outbreaks.
• Seven cases were reported in unvaccinated infants under one year since 1962.
• Quality-control surveys informed operational improvements.

Conclusions:

• Mass vaccination campaigns, particularly since 1962, have been highly successful in controlling poliomyelitis in Cuba.
• Sustained high vaccination coverage is crucial for maintaining disease elimination.
• Community engagement strategies, like the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution, are vital for campaign success.