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Biosynthesis of thyroid hormone: basic and clinical aspects.

L J Degroot, H Niepomniszcze

    Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental
    |June 1, 1977
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Thyroid hormone synthesis relies on peroxidase enzymes to combine iodide and tyrosine. Defects in peroxidase function are common hereditary causes of thyroid hormone formation disorders.

    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Endocrinology
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • Thyroid hormone formation is a complex process requiring specific components like peroxidase, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), iodide, and acceptor proteins.
    • Peroxidase, a heme protein, plays a crucial role by oxidizing iodide and tyrosine, facilitating their union to form iodotyrosine, a key step in hormone synthesis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the intricate mechanisms of thyroid hormone formation, focusing on the role of peroxidase.
    • To explore the cellular localization and regulation of iodination processes.
    • To understand the impact of peroxidase function on thyroid hormone synthesis and related clinical conditions.

    Main Methods:

    • The study reviews existing literature on thyroid hormone synthesis, detailing the enzymatic reactions and cellular components involved.

    Related Experiment Videos

  • It discusses the potential sources of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) within the cell, including microsomal reductases and other oxidase systems.
  • The text examines the role of thyroglobulin as the primary iodide acceptor and the cellular site of iodination.

    • Main Results:

    • Peroxidase catalyzes the oxidation of iodide and tyrosine, leading to iodotyrosine formation and subsequent coupling.
    • Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is supplied by various cellular systems, and iodination primarily occurs at the apical cell border.
    • Thyrotrophin influences iodide uptake, H2O2 generation, thyroglobulin synthesis, and peroxidase levels, with adenyl cyclase mediating many of these effects.

    Conclusions:

    • Defective peroxidase function is a frequent hereditary cause of impaired thyroid hormone formation, encompassing issues with enzyme deficiency, apoprotein binding, and structural abnormalities.
    • Peroxidase levels vary in thyroid conditions, being elevated in hyperthyroidism, deficient in cold nodules, and diminished in Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
    • Antithyroid drugs can inhibit iodination but are susceptible to inactivation by oxidized iodine intermediates.