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Related Concept Videos

Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...
Bacterial Transformation01:33

Bacterial Transformation

In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two pneumonia strains in mice: one pathogenic and one non-pathogenic. Only the pathogenic strain killed host mice.Griffith made an unexpected discovery when he killed the pathogenic strain and mixed its remains with the live, non-pathogenic strain. Not only did the mixture kill host mice, but it also contained living pathogenic bacteria that...
Bacterial Transformation01:33

Bacterial Transformation

In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two pneumonia strains in mice: one pathogenic and one non-pathogenic. Only the pathogenic strain killed host mice.Griffith made an unexpected discovery when he killed the pathogenic strain and mixed its remains with the live, non-pathogenic strain. Not only did the mixture kill host mice, but it also contained living pathogenic bacteria that...
Plasmids01:28

Plasmids

Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotic microbes like yeast. These small, circular DNA structures typically contain fewer than 30 genes, although some may exist linearly. Plasmids vary in their number within a cell, known as copy number. Single-copy plasmids are present in one copy per cell and multi-copy plasmids are present in multiple copies, reaching over 100 copies per cell.Plasmids usually replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA...
Conjugation01:19

Conjugation

Conjugation is a form of horizontal gene transfer that primarily occurs in bacteria and some archaea, promoting genetic diversity and adaptation. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes through conjugative plasmids, allowing them to survive antibiotic treatments that would otherwise be lethal. This process involves direct contact between cells through specialized structures such as the sex pilus and is mediated by conjugative plasmids, including the F (fertility) factor.Conjugation requires...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Rapid Assembly of Multi-Gene Constructs using Modular Golden Gate Cloning
08:31

Rapid Assembly of Multi-Gene Constructs using Modular Golden Gate Cloning

Published on: February 5, 2021

[Plasmids as cloning vehicles (author's transl)].

W Goebel

    Arzneimittel-Forschung
    |January 1, 1980
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Plasmids are self-replicating DNA elements used for inserting foreign DNA. Researchers have developed various plasmid vectors for cloning DNA in bacteria like E. coli and yeast.

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    Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

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    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics
    • Biotechnology

    Background:

    • Plasmids are autonomously replicating DNA molecules.
    • They are essential tools for genetic engineering and molecular biology.
    • Plasmids facilitate the stable maintenance and transfer of foreign DNA.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the utility of plasmids as cloning vectors.
    • To highlight the development of plasmid derivatives for DNA cloning.
    • To discuss the application of plasmids in various organisms.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on plasmid vectors.
    • Analysis of plasmid engineering for cloning applications.
    • Case studies of plasmid usage in different microbial systems.

    Main Results:

    • ColE1 derivatives are widely used for DNA cloning in Escherichia coli.
    • Plasmids have been successfully isolated and modified for use in Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas, and Streptomyces.
    • Plasmids are effective cloning vehicles for the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

    Conclusions:

    • Plasmids are versatile and effective tools for DNA cloning and genetic manipulation.
    • The development of specialized plasmid vectors has expanded their application across diverse bacterial and eukaryotic species.
    • Plasmids continue to be crucial for advancing research in molecular biology and biotechnology.