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Physiological effects of controlled concussive brain trauma.

J E Millen, F L Glauser, M Zimmerman

    Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology
    |November 1, 1980
    PubMed
    Summary

    Controlled brain trauma in cats caused significant cardiovascular changes, including pulmonary edema and apnea. These effects were linked to sympathetic nervous system activation, not altered blood gas levels.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Cardiovascular Physiology
    • Pulmonary Medicine

    Background:

    • Brain trauma can induce systemic physiological responses.
    • Understanding the cardiovascular and respiratory consequences of concussive brain injury is crucial.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the physiological effects of controlled concussive brain injury in cats.
    • To determine the role of sympathetic activation in the response to brain trauma.

    Main Methods:

    • A fluid percussion device was used to induce controlled brain injury in cats.
    • Systemic arterial blood pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure, and intracranial pressure were measured.
    • Lung tissue wet-to-dry weight ratios were assessed to quantify pulmonary edema.

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  • Apneic responses and the effects of phentolamine and levarterenol were evaluated.

    • Main Results:

    • Concussive brain injury significantly increased systemic arterial blood pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and pulmonary wedge pressure.
    • Pulmonary edema was evident, indicated by increased lung wet-to-dry weight ratios.
    • Approximately 60% of animals experienced permanent apnea post-injury.
    • Phentolamine did not alter the hemodynamic or edemogenic response to trauma or affect apnea or intracranial pressure.
    • Intravenous levarterenol without trauma mimicked the trauma-induced responses.

    Conclusions:

    • Concussive brain injury triggers a potent sympathetically mediated response, leading to peripheral vasoconstriction and left ventricular failure.
    • Pulmonary edema and apnea are significant consequences of this type of brain trauma.
    • The observed physiological responses appear to be primarily driven by sympathetic activation rather than alterations in arterial blood gases.