Copper, biogenic amines, and amine oxidases

Amine oxidases have been classified in the past on the basis of either (a) the structural requirements in the substrate or (b) the tissue (or species) of origin, or both. As knowledge about the chemistry of these enzymes grows, their classification on the basis of chemical structure is becoming possible. Currently, many amine oxidases can be categorized according to whether they contain riboflavin (e.g. the monoamine oxidases -- EC 1.4.3.4) or copper (e.g. the amine oxidases of plasma and the diamine oxidases EC 1.4.3.6 -- found prominently in pig kidney cortex, placenta, and pea seedlings). The copper-linked oxidases are inhibited by cyanide and by semicarbazide. The nature of the carbonyl compound(s) in the various enzyme molecules is not yet known. Nutritional deficiencies of copper and treatment of animals with copper-chelating agents are reflected in reduced activity of one or more of these enzymes. The ultimate effects of copper deficiency and copper excess on amine metabolism in vivo are described.