Carbonic anhydrase distribution in rodent embryos and its relationship to acetazolamide teratogenesis

The carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, acetazolamide, leads to a unique distal postaxial right forelimb deformity in rats and CBA/J mice, but SWV mice are completely resistant. Using Hansson's histochemical method, the distribution of carbonic anhydrase and its inhibition by acetazolamide in rat, CBA/J mouse, and SWV mouse embryos were compared. Carbonic anhydrase activity was demonstrable in many tissues of sensitive rat and CBA/J mouse embryos and in resistant SWV mouse embryos. The forelimb buds of resistant and sensitive embryos possess carbonic anhydrase activity in the area between the ectoderm and adjacent mesenchyma with no localization of enzyme activity corresponding to the malformation seen in acetazolamide teratogenesis. This suggests that carbonic anhydrase in the forelimbs is not the primary site of action for acetazolamide. A distinctive staining pattern of nucleated erythrocytes in resistant embryos indicated the presence of a low activity form of carbonic anhydrase in nearly half of the erythrocytes. A five-to tenfold greater amount of acetazolamide was needed to completely inhibit carbonic anhydrase activity in nucleated erythrocytes from resistant embryos than in those from sensitive embryos. The existence of a low activity form of carbonic anhydrase in SWV embryo erythrocytes may be the basis of resistance to acetazolamide teratogenesis.