Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Breathing01:05

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
Assessment of Respiration01:23

Assessment of Respiration

The respiratory system's basic structures and primary functions lay the foundation for nurses' comprehensive respiratory assessments. This assessment includes subjective and objective data to gauge the patient's respiratory health.
Subjective Assessment: Nurses interview the patient to gather information directly during the subjective assessment. It includes questions about the individual's medical history, medications, and symptoms, focusing on past respiratory conditions like asthma or COPD,...
Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications01:19

Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications

Respiratory assessment is a cornerstone of nursing assessments, crucial for the early detection of patient deterioration. This evaluation transcends routine procedures, representing a critical skill nurses must master to ensure optimal patient care.
Objectives and Importance:
The primary goal of respiratory assessment is to evaluate patients at early risk of clinical deterioration. Since respiratory distress often precedes other signs of declining health, breathing patterns and sounds become a...
Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics01:23

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics

Respiratory symptoms, such as congestion and cough, commonly accompany respiratory tract conditions. Various medications, such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics, play crucial roles in providing relief.
Antitussives include codeine, dextromethorphan (Robitussin), and benzonatate (Tessalon). Codeine and dextromethorphan exert their effects centrally by suppressing the cough reflex center in the medulla.  Benzonatate operates peripherally within the respiratory tract by anesthetizing...
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Asthma I: Introduction01:28

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Chemoreceptors and their reflexes with special reference to the fetus and newborn.

Journal of developmental physiology·1981
Same author

The role of sympathetic nerves in the activation of the carotid body chemoreceptors at birth in the sheep.

Journal of developmental physiology·1980
Same author

Measurements of the partial pressure of oxygen in the carotid body of fetal sheep and newborn lambs.

Journal of developmental physiology·1980
Same author

Fluctuations of Pa, CO2 with the same period as respiration in the cat.

The Journal of physiology·1980
Same author

Changes in partial pressure of carbon dioxide with time in carotid arterial blood in cats.

The Journal of physiology·1980
Same author

Changes in carbon dioxide and pH in pulmonary post-capillary blood in cats [proceedings].

The Journal of physiology·1979

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Electrophysiology on Isolated Brainstem-spinal Cord Preparations from Newborn Rodents Allows Neural Respiratory Network Output Recording
05:28

Electrophysiology on Isolated Brainstem-spinal Cord Preparations from Newborn Rodents Allows Neural Respiratory Network Output Recording

Published on: November 19, 2015

Respiratory sensitivity before and after birth.

M J Purves

    Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica
    |July 1, 1982
    PubMed
    Summary

    Fetal respiratory movements occur during REM sleep and are inhibited during quiet sleep by a process possibly originating above the pons. Post-birth, this inhibition lifts, allowing continuous breathing, though full maturation takes months.

    Area of Science:

    • Physiology
    • Neuroscience
    • Developmental Biology

    Background:

    • Fetal respiratory activity exhibits distinct patterns related to sleep states (REM and quiet sleep).
    • Chemical and reflex controls of fetal breathing are less effective than in neonates.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the control mechanisms of fetal respiratory movements and apnoeic periods.
    • To understand the transition of respiratory control from fetus to neonate.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of evidence on fetal respiratory activity and its regulation.
    • Examination of peripheral input effects (chemoreceptors, pulmonary stretch receptors) on fetal breathing.

    Main Results:

    • Fetal respiratory movements correlate with REM sleep; apnoea with quiet sleep.

    More Related Videos

    Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels
    05:31

    Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

    Published on: August 7, 2017

    Continuous Telemetric In Utero Tracheal Pressure Measurements in Fetal Lambs
    05:40

    Continuous Telemetric In Utero Tracheal Pressure Measurements in Fetal Lambs

    Published on: December 22, 2023

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

    Electrophysiology on Isolated Brainstem-spinal Cord Preparations from Newborn Rodents Allows Neural Respiratory Network Output Recording
    05:28

    Electrophysiology on Isolated Brainstem-spinal Cord Preparations from Newborn Rodents Allows Neural Respiratory Network Output Recording

    Published on: November 19, 2015

    Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels
    05:31

    Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

    Published on: August 7, 2017

    Continuous Telemetric In Utero Tracheal Pressure Measurements in Fetal Lambs
    05:40

    Continuous Telemetric In Utero Tracheal Pressure Measurements in Fetal Lambs

    Published on: December 22, 2023

  • Chemical and reflex inputs (CO2, hypoxia, Hering Breuer) have limited effects on fetal breathing, with some inputs inhibited at the receptor level.
  • Pulmonary stretch receptor activation does not influence medullary respiratory units or phrenic nerve in the fetus.
  • Apnoea is likely caused by a supra-pontine inhibitory process affecting medullary respiratory units.

    • Conclusions:

    • A fetal inhibitory process, possibly of supra-pontine origin, regulates respiratory apnoea.
    • Post-birth, the lifting of this inhibition enables continuous breathing, but full maturation of respiratory control takes up to three months.
    • Neonatal breathing regulation is initially imperfect, showing damped oscillations until full maturation.