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Sleep apnea considered as a control system instability.

G S Longobardo, B Gothe, M D Goldman

    Respiration Physiology
    |December 1, 1982
    PubMed
    Summary
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    This study presents a mathematical model simulating periodic breathing during sleep. The model suggests respiratory control system instability causes periodic breathing, obstructive, and central apneas.

    Area of Science:

    • Physiology
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Control Systems Theory

    Background:

    • Periodic breathing during sleep is a complex phenomenon.
    • Previous models successfully simulated transient effects of CO2 inhalation and Cheyne-Stokes breathing.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate a mathematical model simulating periodic breathing during sleep.
    • To investigate the role of chemical stimuli and muscle activity in periodic breathing.

    Main Methods:

    • An extended mathematical model incorporating chemical stimuli effects on chest wall and upper airway muscles during sleep.
    • Simulation of periodic breathing in subjects breathing room air, O2, or low CO2 concentrations.

    Main Results:

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  • Model simulations reasonably reproduced essential features of experimental data from eight subjects.
  • Periodic breathing during sleep is linked to unstable operation in the respiratory control system.
  • The model predicts both obstructive and central apneas can arise from control system instability.

    • Conclusions:

    • Respiratory control system instability is a key mechanism for periodic breathing during sleep.
    • Central and obstructive apneas can be produced by and influence control system instability.
    • Apnea characteristics depend on circulation time and muscle sensitivity to hypercapnia and hypoxia.