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Risk factors for breast cancer.

S P Helmrich, S Shapiro, L Rosenberg

    American Journal of Epidemiology
    |January 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary
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    This study identifies key breast cancer risk factors. Later age at first birth and higher parity influence risk, alongside factors like obesity and family history, providing crucial insights for prevention strategies.

    Area of Science:

    • Epidemiology
    • Oncology
    • Reproductive Health

    Background:

    • Breast cancer remains a significant global health concern.
    • Identifying modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors is crucial for effective prevention and early detection strategies.
    • Previous research has indicated a complex interplay of reproductive, lifestyle, and genetic factors in breast cancer etiology.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the association between various reproductive and lifestyle factors and breast cancer risk.
    • To quantify the impact of age at first birth, parity, menarche, menopause, obesity, and other factors on breast cancer incidence.
    • To identify independent risk factors for breast cancer in a hospital-based case-control study.

    Main Methods:

    • A hospital-based case-control study was conducted, collecting data from 1976 onwards.

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  • The study included 1185 women diagnosed with breast cancer and 3227 control participants.
  • Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate risk factors, controlling for relevant covariates like parity and gravidity.

    • Main Results:

    • Increasing age at first birth was associated with higher breast cancer risk, independent of parity.
    • High parity (≥5 births) showed a reduced risk (Relative Risk=0.7) compared to lower parity (1-2 births).
    • Late age at menarche was linked to lower risk in premenopausal women, while obesity showed inverse associations in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Increased risk was associated with positive family history, history of benign breast disease, Jewish religion, and higher education levels.

    Conclusions:

    • Reproductive factors like age at first birth and parity significantly modify breast cancer risk.
    • Menopausal status, age at menopause, and surgical interventions (oophorectomy) play a role in breast cancer risk.
    • Lifestyle, genetic predisposition, and socioeconomic factors (education) are independently associated with increased breast cancer risk, underscoring the multifactorial nature of the disease.