Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 12, 2026

Encapsulating Cytochrome c in Silica Aerogel Nanoarchitectures without Metal Nanoparticles while Retaining Gas-phase Bioactivity
11:06

Encapsulating Cytochrome c in Silica Aerogel Nanoarchitectures without Metal Nanoparticles while Retaining Gas-phase Bioactivity

Published on: March 1, 2016

Dehydration of cytosine monohydrate at physiological temperatures

P Martel, B M Powell

    Biophysical Journal
    |January 1, 1983
    PubMed

    More Related Videos

    Syntheses, Crystallization, and Spectroscopic Characterization of 3,5-Lutidine N-Oxide Dehydrate06:18

    Syntheses, Crystallization, and Spectroscopic Characterization of 3,5-Lutidine N-Oxide Dehydrate

    Published on: April 24, 2018

    Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry12:11

    Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

    Published on: April 8, 2020

    Related Concept Videos

    Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

    Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

    Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
    When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
    Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

    Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

    Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.
    Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:40

    Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

    Introduction
    Analogous to alkenes, alkynes also undergo acid-catalyzed hydration. While the addition of water to an alkene gives an alcohol, hydration of alkynes produces different products such as aldehydes and ketones.
    Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

    Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

    An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
    The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...
    Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

    Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

    Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
    Hydration of Cement01:24

    Hydration of Cement

    Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...