Constant or apparently constant congenital esotropia? A survey of 304 Fadenoperations

Cüppers (6) presented the Fadenoperation (Fd) as a splendid tool to correct inconstant squint angles by means of an artificial paresis. The author's practice shows that many cases of apparently constant congenital esotropia, successfully treated by Fd, obviously would be better interpreted as permanently overinnervated adduction excess cases. But even a sophisticated view of the mechanism of the Fd cannot solve the problem of whether or not a stable basic angle really exists in children before the age of five years. The paper, in addition, deals with the results of 304 cases of alternating congenital esotropia and the author's own techniques.