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Related Concept Videos

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations03:18

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
A nuclide of an element has a specific number of protons and...
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Nuclear Power

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
Mutations01:35

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Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

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Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability
09:23

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Radiation exposures in Utah from Nevada Nuclear Tests.

H L Beck, P W Krey

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |April 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary

    Utah

    Area of Science:

    • Environmental Science
    • Radiation Dosimetry
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Nuclear weapons testing at the Nevada Test Site (1951-1958) resulted in radioactive fallout.
    • Understanding population exposure is crucial for public health assessments.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To reconstruct external gamma radiation exposure for Utah's population from nuclear fallout.
    • To assess potential health implications of this radiation exposure.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized measurements of residual cesium-137 and plutonium in soil.
    • Reconstructed historical radiation doses for Utah residents.

    Main Results:

    • Highest fallout exposures were in southwestern Utah.

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    Irradiator Commissioning and Dosimetry for Assessment of LQ α and β Parameters, Radiation Dosing Schema, and in vivo Dose Deposition
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  • Northern Utah's populous areas (Provo, Salt Lake City, Ogden) received higher mean and population doses.
  • Overall population doses were too low for statistically observable health effects.

    • Conclusions:

    • Fallout distribution was complex, with higher doses in unexpected populated areas.
    • External radiation doses from historical nuclear testing in Utah are unlikely to cause significant health impacts.