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Related Concept Videos

Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

Overview
Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Antibody Binding Specificity for Kappa (Vκ) Light Chain-containing Human (IgM) Antibodies: Polysialic Acid (PSA) Attached to NCAM as a Case Study
11:10

Antibody Binding Specificity for Kappa (Vκ) Light Chain-containing Human (IgM) Antibodies: Polysialic Acid (PSA) Attached to NCAM as a Case Study

Published on: June 29, 2016

Circulating immune complexes in Hodgkin's disease.

P N Akolkar, S H Advani, B P Gothoskar

    Neoplasma
    |January 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary

    Circulating immune complexes (CIC) are elevated in Hodgkin

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Oncology
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • Hodgkin's disease (HD) is a cancer of the lymphatic system.
    • Circulating immune complexes (CIC) play a role in immune responses.
    • Understanding biomarkers for HD is crucial for diagnosis and prognosis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the levels and characteristics of CIC in Hodgkin's disease patients.
    • To correlate CIC levels with clinical parameters of HD.
    • To identify potential differences in CIC composition between HD patients and healthy individuals.

    Main Methods:

    • Quantification of CIC in patient and control sera using polyethylene glycol precipitation.
    • Clinical staging and histological typing of HD patients.
    • Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of CIC to analyze protein composition.

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    Antibody Binding Specificity for Kappa (Vκ) Light Chain-containing Human (IgM) Antibodies: Polysialic Acid (PSA) Attached to NCAM as a Case Study

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    Published on: September 7, 2022

    Main Results:

    • Significantly elevated CIC levels were observed in 63% of HD patients compared to normal subjects.
    • Higher CIC levels correlated with the presence of symptoms and advanced clinical stages (I-IV) of HD.
    • CIC from HD patients exhibited an additional protein band (approx. 130,000 MW) not present in normal subjects.

    Conclusions:

    • Elevated CIC levels are a significant indicator in Hodgkin's disease.
    • CIC levels correlate with disease severity and clinical stage in HD.
    • A unique protein component in CIC may serve as a potential biomarker for HD.