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Related Concept Videos

Transcellular Transport of Solutes01:23

Transcellular Transport of Solutes

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Transcellular transport of solutes is the movement of substances like monosaccharides and amino acids through polarized cells. This transport mechanism is primarily seen in epithelial and endothelial cells aided by membrane transport proteins such as channels and transporters. The tight junctions between these cells confine the membrane proteins to the two sides of the cell. The epithelial cells have distinct apical and basolateral domains. In contrast, the endothelial cells show the luminal...
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Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
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Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine01:26

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Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and...
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Drug Absorption: Factors Affecting GI Absorption01:19

Drug Absorption: Factors Affecting GI Absorption

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The process of oral drug absorption can be influenced by several factors. Weakly acidic drugs tend to be absorbed more readily from the stomach due to their nonionized state. However, absorption may be less efficient in the upper intestine, where drugs are often ionized. Interestingly, despite the stomach's apparent advantage for drug absorption, its mucous layer can hinder diffusion. Its surface area is also smaller than the intestine's, which can further slow down the absorption rate.
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Carbohydrate Absorption01:25

Carbohydrate Absorption

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Carbohydrates are essential macronutrients that serve as the body's primary energy source. Their digestion begins in the mouth, where salivary amylase partially breaks down complex carbohydrates such as starch into smaller oligosaccharides. This mechanical and enzymatic activity prepares carbohydrates for further processing in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In situ01:09

Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In situ

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In situ experiments, such as the Doluisio method and Single-Pass Perfusion technique, provide critical insights into drug uptake by simulating in vivo conditions for drug absorption.
The Doluisio method involves perfusing a prepared segment of a rat's small intestine with a solution of radiolabeled drug and a non-absorbable marker. This helps to differentiate between absorbed and non-absorbed drug concentrations. The intestinal segment is connected at both ends using tubing and syringes,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport
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Fructose: incomplete intestinal absorption in humans.

W J Ravich, T M Bayless, M Thomas

    Gastroenterology
    |January 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary

    Many individuals experience abdominal issues from fructose due to incomplete absorption. This study found that 37.5% of healthy volunteers had poor fructose absorption, linked to digestive symptoms.

    Area of Science:

    • Gastroenterology
    • Human Nutrition

    Background:

    • Fructose is a widely used commercial sweetener.
    • Abdominal symptoms are frequently reported after consuming fructose-rich foods.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess the completeness of small intestine fructose absorption in healthy volunteers.
    • To correlate incomplete fructose absorption with gastrointestinal symptoms.

    Main Methods:

    • Breath hydrogen analysis was used to measure fructose absorption in 16 healthy volunteers.
    • Incomplete absorption was defined as a peak breath hydrogen rise exceeding 20 parts per million.
    • Fructose (50g, 10% solution) and sucrose (50g, 10% solution) absorption were evaluated.

    Main Results:

    • 37.5% (6 of 16) of subjects exhibited incomplete fructose absorption.

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  • Incomplete fructose absorption was associated with gastrointestinal symptoms like cramps or diarrhea in 5 of 6 affected individuals.
  • Incomplete absorption was dose- and concentration-dependent, with some subjects absorbing less fructose incompletely.
  • All subjects completely absorbed sucrose, unlike fructose.

    • Conclusions:

    • Incomplete fructose absorption is common in healthy individuals and may cause gastrointestinal distress.
    • Fructose malabsorption should be considered when evaluating patients with unexplained digestive symptoms.
    • Sucrose absorption appears more complete than fructose absorption in the general population.