Waste-related cadmium cycle in Switzerland

The anthropogenic contribution to the global cadmium flux exceeds natural sources by a factor of three. The most important pathway is the atmosphere; therefore, high cadmium concentrations can be found even in remote areas. On a local level, the increase in cadmium consumption can be observed in increasing concentrations in the soil, plants, and food. The question arises as to what extent the soil-plant-man-waste-soil cycle can be loaded with cadmium in order to function without negative impact on the environment. In Switzerland, 120 tons (t) of cadmium are consumed per year. Of this amount, 25 t end up in municipal solid waste, 3 t in wastewater, and 19 t in precipitation and dry fallout. As a consequence of today's waste management practice (75% incineration, 20% sanitary landfill, 5% composting; 75% of all sewage is purified), the annual input to the soil is 40 t: 18 t concentrated in landfills, 19 t dissipated via the atmosphere, and 3 t directly spread via sewage sludge, compost, and fertilizer on agricultural land. If even distribution were possible, the cadmium content of the soil would theoretically double in 150 years. The accumulation in the soil will increase the cadmium content of plants grown on such a soil. According to a simple model, the level of 3 ppm cadmium in soils should not be surpassed. At such concentrations, plants are likely to contain greater than 0.4 mg Cd/kg, a concentration which can cause toxic effects in long-term experiments. The safe level in food might be even lower. In reality, cadmium is not evenly distributed over Switzerland. According to today's practice, it must be assumed that in only 14 years the use of compost will have enriched soils to such an extent that its cadmium content will prohibit the production of food for human consumption. For sewage sludge, this timespan is 130 years. If heavy metal limits in food are to be observed, the input of such metals to the soil has to be limited. In a steady state, the cadmium input to the soil should be equal to its output via plants, leachate, and erosion. This implies that today's dissipative use of cadmium must be stopped.