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Related Concept Videos

The Nucleus01:32

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...
Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the timing and level of...
The Nucleolus02:55

The Nucleolus

The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...
Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
The Nucleus01:25

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 28, 2026

Through the Looking Glass: Time-lapse Microscopy and Longitudinal Tracking of Single Cells to Study Anti-cancer Therapeutics
06:00

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Published on: May 14, 2016

Cytochemical changes in the nucleus during tumour development.

T Caspersson, G Auer, A Fallenius

    The Histochemical Journal
    |April 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary

    Quantitative optical cytochemistry reveals nuclear changes in tumors. DNA and nuclear protein analysis can effectively determine mammary tumor malignancy and predict patient survival.

    Area of Science:

    • Oncology
    • Cytochemistry
    • Biophysics

    Background:

    • Quantitative optical cytochemical methods are crucial for tumor analysis.
    • Cytopathological material requires specialized instrumentation for multiparameter analysis.
    • Nuclear changes during cellular atypia progression to cancer exhibit distinct cytochemical alterations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an instrument complex for multiparameter analysis of cytopathological material.
    • To investigate nuclear changes and cytochemical alterations in tumor development.
    • To correlate DNA profiles and nuclear protein content with mammary tumor malignancy and patient survival.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a specialized instrument complex for multiparameter cytochemical analysis.

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  • Tracking nuclear changes in cell populations from atypia to cancer.
  • Quantitative analysis of DNA values and nuclear protein accumulation in mammary carcinomas.

    • Main Results:

    • Observed conspicuous cytochemical changes during tumor progression.
    • Found that while some mammary carcinomas had normal DNA values, others showed significant aneuploidy.
    • Established a clear correlation between DNA profile type, nuclear protein accumulation, and patient survival, reflecting malignancy grade.

    Conclusions:

    • DNA-profile measurements, especially when combined with nuclear protein determination, are valuable for assessing mammary tumor malignancy.
    • These methods offer significant clinical interest for predicting patient outcomes.
    • Preliminary data suggests similar applicability in other tumor types.