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Related Concept Videos

The Parasympathetic Nervous System01:14

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

Overview
Somatic Spinal Reflexes01:22

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...
Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System01:18

Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
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Neural Regulation of Blood Pressure01:18

Neural Regulation of Blood Pressure

The neural regulation of blood pressure involves intricate interactions between the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and cardiovascular system, ensuring adequate perfusion of tissues. This regulation primarily occurs through baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes, involving both short-term and long-term mechanisms.
Baroreceptor Reflex
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Autoregulation of Blood Flow01:17

Autoregulation of Blood Flow

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Chemical Signaling in Autoregulation
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Male Sexual Response: Erection & Ejaculation01:17

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Sexual stimulation can take various forms, such as physical touch and visual or auditory cues. When this happens, the parasympathetic reflex in the sacral portion of the spinal cord is activated. This reflex stimulates the release of nitric oxide (NO), which then dilates the arterioles in the penis, increasing blood flow to the erectile tissues - the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
14:09

Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance

Published on: March 21, 2013

Orthostatic vasomotor response in spinal man.

M Krebs, K T Ragnarrson, J Tuckman

    Paraplegia
    |April 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary

    Tetraplegics show deficient cardiovascular adaptation to upright posture due to interrupted spinal pathways. However, renal blood flow demonstrates significant vasoconstriction during tilting, suggesting a potential spinal vasomotor reflex.

    Area of Science:

    • Cardiovascular Physiology
    • Neuroscience
    • Renal Physiology

    Background:

    • Cardiovascular adaptation to upright posture is impaired in tetraplegics, likely due to disrupted supraspinal control of sympathetic neurons.
    • Previous studies focused on extremity blood flow, yielding contradictory findings on vasomotor responses.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the visceral circulation, specifically renal blood flow, in tetraplegics during postural changes.
    • To elucidate the mechanisms of cardiovascular adaptation to orthostatic stress in the absence of supraspinal influence.

    Main Methods:

    • Renal clearance tests were performed on healthy controls and chronic, complete tetraplegic patients.
    • Renal blood flow, mean arterial pressure, and total renal vascular resistance were measured in supine and head-up tilt positions.

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    Main Results:

    • Both controls and tetraplegics exhibited a significant decrease in renal blood flow and an increase in total renal vascular resistance during tilting.
    • These findings indicate that postural changes profoundly alter renal blood flow via sympathetic nervous system activation, even without supraspinal input.

    Conclusions:

    • The renal vasculature responds to orthostatic stimuli with significant vasoconstriction, mediated by the brainstem and potentially involving a spinal vasomotor reflex.
    • This response suggests that spinal man may utilize recovery of spinal vasomotor reflexes, particularly involving the splanchnic circulation, for adaptation to upright posture.