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Risk indicators of reduction limb defects.

T Aro, O P Heinonen, L Saxén

    Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
    |March 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Pregnancy complications like vaginal bleeding and threatened abortion significantly increase the risk of a child being born with a reduction limb defect (RLD). Low placental and birth weights also indicate a higher risk for RLDs.

    Area of Science:

    • Medical Science
    • Pediatrics
    • Obstetrics

    Background:

    • Reduction limb defects (RLDs) are congenital anomalies with multifactorial causes.
    • Understanding risk factors is crucial for prevention and early intervention.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the association between RLDs and various pregnancy complications, maternal, and familial factors.
    • To identify specific risk indicators for isolated and syndromic RLDs.

    Main Methods:

    • A case-control study involving 453 children with RLDs and 453 matched controls born in Finland (1964-1977).
    • Analysis included pregnancy complications (vaginal bleeding, threatened abortion), placental and birth weight, gestational duration, parental age, family history, and previous pregnancy outcomes.
    • Cases with isolated RLDs were analyzed separately.

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    Main Results:

    • Significant associations found between RLDs and vaginal bleeding, threatened abortion, gestation <37 weeks, placental weight ≤400g, birth weight ≤2500g, and familial malformations.
    • Vaginal bleeding increased RLD risk ~4-fold; short gestation ~2-fold for isolated RLD.
    • Low placental/birth weight showed a ~3-fold risk for isolated RLD.
    • Pregnancy abnormalities heightened risks for RLDs with additional malformations.

    Conclusions:

    • Pregnancy complications, particularly vaginal bleeding and threatened abortion, are significant risk factors for reduction limb defects.
    • Low placental and birth weights are also associated with increased RLD risk.
    • While familial malformations are linked, hereditary factors appear to play a minor role in RLD etiology.