[Studies of double forms of spermatozoa in semen and testicular tissue]

Microscopic studies on human spermatozoa with the Normarski technique showed, that duplicate spermatozoa are mostly built by conjugation of two or even more complete spermatozoa, and not by any partial duplication of spermatozoa. This phenomenon is originated in the course of spermatogenesis:spermiogenesis by incomplete division of germ cells, which could be demonstrated by the results of histological studies on testicular tissue specimens. In cases of isolated syndrome of conjoined spermatozoa, incomplete divisions were found at the spermatogenial level already; in cases of acquired syndromes the incomplete divisions were found at the level of spermatids. In these conditions, varicocele, orchipathy and exfoliative disorders of spermatogenesis/spermiogenesis due to genital infections were the predominant diseases; severe "toxic" damages of germinal epithelium were found as well.