Interaction of cholinergic ligands with the purified acetylcholine receptor protein. I. Equilibrium binding studies

We have studied the binding equilibria of two fluorescent ligands and several nonfluorescent cholinergic ligands with the purified acetylcholine receptor from Electrophorus electricus. The assay was based on the specifically cholinergic and reversible quenching of fluorescence observed upon complex formation between the receptor protein and N-7-(4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole)-5-aminopentanoic acid beta-(N-trimethylammonium) ethyl ester. This way, a large body of accurate, true equilibrium data was obtained. We find 1) all ligands studied compete for the same number of binding sites at the receptor; 2) agonists compete for half of these sites with high affinity and for the other half of these sites with significantly lower affinity; 3) antagonists compete for all of these sites with one affinity; and 4) in the presence of disulfide reducing agents, the binding patterns of some agonists and antagonists are changed in accordance with the electrophysiological changes observed under the same conditions with Rana pipiens Sartorius muscle fibers. Our studies indicate that the mechanism of ligand recognition is still functional at equilibrium and is not subject to the presence of an intact membrane environment. Furthermore, the existence of two types of agonist sites at every receptor molecule excludes most of the presently discussed two-state models as the basis for a mechanism of receptor-ligand interaction. To explain sigmoidal dose-response curves, a two-site model is already sufficient.