Scanning electron microscope study of human arachnoid villi

The functional morphology of human arachnoid villi obtained from surgical biopsy specimens has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On SEM examination, the villi appeared to be distended, as if functioning normally. The endothelial cells constituting the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-blood interface were covered by numerous microvilli, uniformly oriented along the major axis of the villus. Examination for cell-to-cell contact revealed only occasional areas of tight adherence between adjacent endothelial cells, while widened intercellular spaces were frequently observed. Generally corresponding to the apex of the villus, points of emergence of endothelium-lined hollow structures were identified; these may represent apical openings of open pathways from the subarachnoid space to the venous system. Ultrastructural arrangements consistent with a closed system of CSF reabsorption were also observed. Large cells maximally distended and protruding into the sinus lumen were commonly seen; these were interpreted as the result of the formation of giant vacuoles within the endothelium covering the villus. This study has provided ultrastructural evidence for both closed and open systems of CSF reabsorption. Ultrastructural findings, such as gaps between endothelial cells and tubule-like endothelium-lined structures as previously identified in animals and observed in man by transmission electron microscopy, were demonstrated in human biopsy specimens by SEM.