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Sample size in occupational mortality studies.

T Haines, H Shannon

    Journal of Occupational Medicine. : Official Publication of the Industrial Medical Association
    |August 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Many occupational mortality studies lack the statistical power to detect moderate increases in cancer risk. This limits the ability to identify workplace hazards and protect worker health.

    Area of Science:

    • Occupational Health
    • Epidemiology
    • Biostatistics

    Background:

    • The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) established criteria in 1980 for considering non-positive human studies in evidence reviews.
    • These criteria require studies to have sufficient sample size to detect a 50% increase in cancer incidence.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the concepts of statistical testing and power in occupational mortality studies.
    • To analyze the statistical power of studies published in prominent occupational health journals in 1979 and 1980.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of statistical testing and power concepts relevant to occupational mortality research.
    • Analysis of published studies from 1979-1980 in two occupational health journals to assess their statistical power.

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    Main Results:

    • A significant proportion of standardized mortality ratio (SMR) studies exhibit low power.
    • These studies have a limited probability of detecting relative risks as low as 1.5.

    Conclusions:

    • Many existing occupational mortality studies may fail to detect important, albeit moderate, increases in cancer risk.
    • This underpowered research limits the identification of occupational carcinogens and the implementation of effective worker protection measures.