Systematic epidemiologic theory: conceptual foundations and axiomatic elements

Since the initial epidemiologic confrontations of chronic, non-infectious diseases during the 1940's, there has emerged a periodic concern among epidemiologists regarding disciplinary boundaries and identity. With the development of hierarchical views of the natural history of human disease, the elaboration of mutation theories of chronic, non-infectious disease, and the identification of conceptual frameworks and causal relationships applicable to both the infectious and chronic, non-infectious diseases, it has become possible to reconsider the definitions and scope of epidemiology from within the confines of general epidemiologic-pathologic theory. Based upon natural history and discipline-related concepts of causation, it is possible to integrate the epidemiological and pathological characteristics of disease into a single, coherent systematic epidemiologic theory. Within these conceptual/axiomatic frameworks, systematic epidemiology emerges as the study of disease causality and control and is generally applicable to both the infectious and the chronic, non-infectious (i.e., neoplastic) diseases. Because epidemiologic theory begins with pathologic theory, it is fitting that systematic epidemiologic theory embrace both epidemiology and pathology as complimentary conceptual approaches to the comprehension of disease. Because the interdependent efforts of epidemiology and pathology provide the conceptual basis for action, it is also fitting that systematic epidemiologic theory embrace preventive medicine and public health as operational approaches to the control of disease.