Cytologic grading in relation to the clinical stage of the breast cancer

Cytologic grading which may be performed at the same time as diagnostic cytology seems to be of a value in the pathobiology of the breast cancer. Other methods, such as mammography, termography, xenography, histological grading and some biological markers help to establish biological behavior of the tumor and appropriate treatment approach. In spite of the progress in diagnosis and therapy many problems remain to be clarified. In agreement with VORHERR a progress may be expected only from the development of novel approaches such as diagnosis before systematic spread has occurred or by the availability of efficient chemotherapy to kill all disseminated cancer cells.