A behavioral checklist to measure dependence and independence

Based on a theoretical framework by Clough, Wittig, and Derdiarian (1973) and evidence that childhood dependence and independence behaviors continue into audulthood (Kagen and Moss, 1960), the investigators identified adult behaviors which would fit into each component Beller (1955) specified in defining dependence and independence in children. The Behavioral Checklist, an observational tool, was then constructed, based on examplex of behaviors for each of Beller's components. The checklist appears to measure changes in both dependence and independence.