Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 15, 2026

Intramucosal Inoculation of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells in Mice for Tumor Immune Profiling and Treatment Response Assessment
Published on: April 22, 2019
Gene-amplification model of carcinogenesis
Abstract:
A two-stage model of carcinogenesis is proposed based on recent evidence for the occurrence of proto-oncogenes in the vertebrate genome, evidence for gene amplification during carcinogenesis, and studies of the action of tumor promoters. The model is baed on the view that an increase in the level of gene product from such proto-oncogenes is sufficient to induce neoplastic transformation. It proposes that the initial step in carcinogenesis (initiation) is a mutation producing a tandem duplication of a proto-oncogene. Gene amplification can then occur by successive unequal sister chromatid crossing-over events in several cell cycles until sufficient gene product is produced to transform the cell.
Related Concept Videos
Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell
Tumor Progression
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
Cancer Prevention
Some...
Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity
![Chemical-Induced Skin Carcinogenesis Model Using Dimethylbenz[a]Anthracene and 12-O-Tetradecanoyl Phorbol-13-Acetate (DMBA-TPA)](/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudfront.jove.com%2FCDNSource%2Fteasers%2F60445.jpg&w=3840&q=50)
