The influence of carbonate on the atomic structure and reactivity of hydroxyapatite

A series of synthetic carbonated and non-carbonated apatites was investigated using high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and their dissolution behavior was tested under sink conditions, using the rotating disc method. n-Beam lattice images of the apatite samples were of a resolution greater than has been previously reported, and revealed an increase in crystalline disorder with the incorporation of carbonate in the apatite structure. This resulted in an increased rate of dissolution and a decreased activation energy for dissolution for the carbonated apatites. Thus, carbonate increased the reactivity of hydroxyapatite.