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Group selection for a polygenic behavioral trait: a differential proliferation model

J F Crow, K Aoki

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    |April 1, 1982
    PubMed
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    Natural selection favors altruistic traits when group benefits outweigh individual costs. Increased population isolation enhances the evolution of such behaviors, particularly in structured groups.

    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary biology
    • Behavioral genetics

    Background:

    • Natural selection typically favors traits that increase individual fitness.
    • Altruistic behaviors, which benefit the group at an individual cost, pose a challenge to traditional evolutionary theory.
    • Understanding the conditions under which altruism can evolve is crucial for explaining social behavior in many species.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To derive conditions for natural selection to increase a polygenic altruistic behavioral trait.
    • To investigate the role of population structure, migration, and group size in the evolution of altruism.
    • To explore the group selection analogue of Hamilton's rule.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a mathematical model of a population divided into partially isolated groups.
    • Incorporated parameters for migration rates, group size variation, and the proportion of males.

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  • Derived conditions for the increase of an altruistic trait based on group benefits (b) and individual costs (c), and population structure (FST).

    • Main Results:

    • The trait increases when the net benefit to the group, adjusted for individual cost, exceeds a threshold related to population structure.
    • Established an equilibrium for Wright's fixation index (FST) as approximately 1/(1 + 4Me), where Me relates to migration.
    • Derived the condition (b - c)/c > (1-F)/2F, which simplifies to Hamilton's inequality (c/b < r) under specific assumptions.

    Conclusions:

    • Group selection can favor altruistic traits under conditions of partial isolation and sufficient group benefit.
    • The degree of population subdivision (FST) plays a critical role in the evolution of altruism.
    • Migration patterns and social structure (e.g., family-based splitting) can significantly influence the efficacy of group selection.