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Cell surface markers in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

G B Humphrey, R Blackstock, J Filler

    Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science
    |May 1, 1980
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Characterizing acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell surfaces using sheep erythrocyte receptors and surface immunoglobulin helps classify subtypes. This classification aids in understanding prognosis and identifying distinct leukemia cell populations.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Hematology
    • Oncology

    Background:

    • Cell surface markers are crucial for distinguishing normal lymphocytes from malignant lymphoblasts.
    • Mature T-cells possess sheep erythrocyte receptors (E+), while mature B-cells have surface immunoglobulin (sIg+).
    • These markers are foundational for classifying childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To categorize childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) into prognostic groups based on cell surface markers.
    • To explore the utility of additional immunological methods, including surface antigen detection, for refining ALL classification.
    • To identify subgroups within T-cell and null cell leukemia for a more precise understanding of the disease.

    Main Methods:

    • Characterization of normal lymphocyte and malignant lymphoblast cell surfaces using sheep erythrocyte (E) rosettes and surface immunoglobulin (sIg) detection.

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  • Application of additional immunological methods, focusing on surface antigen detection (common leukemia antigen [cALL], Ia antigen, T lymphocyte antigen [T]).
  • Analysis of cytoplasmic immunoglobulin and E receptors for identifying pre-B cell leukemia.

    • Main Results:

    • Childhood ALL is classified into three main groups: B-cell leukemia (sIg+ E-, rare, poorest prognosis), T-cell leukemia (sIg-, E+, common, poor prognosis), and null cell leukemia (sIg-, E-, most common, best prognosis).
    • Subgroups within null cell leukemia identified include Ia+, cALL+, T-, E-, sIg- and pre-B cell leukemia (cytoplasmic immunoglobulin positive, sIg- E-).
    • Potential subgroups within T-cell leukemia were suggested based on E+ rosette properties (thermolabile and thermostable).

    Conclusions:

    • Cell surface marker analysis, including E rosettes and sIg, provides a robust framework for classifying childhood ALL.
    • Surface antigen detection offers further refinement, particularly in identifying subgroups within null cell and T-cell leukemias.
    • Further research is needed to determine the prognostic significance of identified subgroups within T-cell leukemia.